1. Which of the following groups contain only biodegradable items?
(a) Grass, flowers and leather
(b) Grass, wood and plastic
(c) Fruit-peels, cake and lime-juice
(d) Cake, wood and grass
Answer: (a), (c) and (d)
2. Which of the following constitute a food-chain?
(a) Grass, wheat and mango
(b) Grass, goat and human
(c) Goat, cow and elephant
(d) Grass, fish and goat
Answer: (b) Grass, goat, and human
3. Which of the following are environment-friendly practices?
(a) Carrying cloth-bags to put purchases in while shopping
(b) Switching off unnecessary lights and fans
(c) Walking to school instead of getting your mother to drop you on her scooter
(d) All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above
4. What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level?
Answer: Various trophic levels are connected through the food chains. If all the organisms of any one trophic level are killed, then it will disrupt the entire food chain. For example, in a food chain, if all the plants are killed, then all the deer will die due to lack of food. If all the deer are dead, then soon the tigers will also die. Due to the death of these animals, the decomposer’s population will rise in that area. Food chain are interconnected in the form of food web. Therefore, killing all the plants of an area will not only affect the deer, it will also affect other herbivores such as goat, cattle, sheep, etc.
5. Will the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different for different trophic levels? Can the organisms of any trophic level be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem?
Answer: Organisms of all trophic levels are equally important and are an integral part of the ecosystem. If all the producers are removed, then it will affect all the herbivores as it is their primary food source. Death of herbivores will soon affect the primary carnivores and so on. Thus, the balance in the ecosystem gets disturbed if any of its component organisms are removed.
6. What is biological magnification? Will the levels of this magnification be different at different levels of the ecosystem?
Answer: Bio-magnification is the increase in the concentration of pollutants or harmful chemicals within each step of the food chain. The levels of bio-magnification will be different at different trophic levels. It will increase with the increase in trophic level.
7. What are the problems caused by the non-biodegradable wastes that we generate?
Answer: Non-biodegradable substances affect the environment in the following ways:
(i) Since the non-biodegradable substances cannot be broken down, they get accumulated and thus contaminate the soil and the water resources.
(ii) These substances, when accidentally eaten by some stray animal, can harm them and can even cause their death.
(iii) These substances occupy more space in the landfills and require special disposal techniques.
(iv) These materials can accumulate in the environment and can also enter the food chain.
8. If all the waste we generate is biodegradable, will this have no impact on the environment?
Answer: Generation of only biodegradable waste will have a positive impact on the environment. There will not be any pollution caused by the non-biodegradable wastes. The problem associated with waste management and disposal will also not occur. The population of decomposers will increase to breakdown the extra biodegradable waste generated if we decompose the waste properly.
9. Why is damage to the ozone layer a cause for concern? What steps are being taken to limit this damage?
Answer: Ozone causes skin darkening, skin cancer, ageing, and corneal cataracts in human beings. It can result in the death of many phytoplanktons that leads to increased global warming.
To limit the damage to the ozone layer, the release of CFCs into the atmosphere must be reduced. CFCs used as refrigerants and in fire extinguishers should be replaced with environmentally-safe alternatives. Also, the release of CFCs through industrial activities should be controlled.
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