Write in brief
1. Explain:
a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?
Answer: Anti-colonial movement gave a strong issue to the people with which they could come on a common platform to fight the colonist. Hence, the growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement.
b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India?
Answer: The First World War created economic problems for the people in India. Moreover, forced recruitment of the Indians in the British army also angered the people from the colonial rulers. The nationalist leaders motivated the people against the colonial rulers. Thus, the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India.
c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
Answer: The Rowlatt Act gave draconian powers to the colonial rulers. It was against the spirit of political formations. Due to this, Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act.
d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer: By 1921, the movement was turning violent at many places. At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration turned a bazaar into a violent clash with the Police. Since, Gandhiji was strictly against any kind of violence, he decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
2. What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi advocated a novel method of mass agitation; called satyagraha. This method was based on the idea that if someone is fighting for a true cause, there is no need to take recourse to physical force to fight the oppressor. Gandhiji believed that a satyagrahi could win a battle through non-violence.
3. Write a newspaper report on:
a) The Jalianwala Bagh massacre
Answer: Amritsar, 1919: General Dyer had ordered firing on innocent villagers who had gathered at Jallianwalla Bagh to attend a fair. All the exit points were blocked so that nobody could escape the British forces.
b) The Simon Commission
Answer: London, 1928: The British government has constituted the Simon Commission to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India. There is not a single Indian in the commission. The leaders of congress and other parties have announced their boycott to the Simon Commission.
4. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.
Answer: In both the cases, a woman has been depicted as the mother of the nation. Both the figures have been dressed in the traditional clothes and hold certain symbolic items. These symbolic items represent freedom, liberty, and peace.
Discuss
1. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Answer: Peasants, tribal peasants, plantation workers, students, lawyers, office workers, women, etc. joined the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Peasant: The peasants were against the high rents and may other cases which were demanded by talukdars and landlords. The peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
Tribal Peasants: The tribals were prevented from entering the forests to graze cattle, or to collect fruits and firewood. The new forest laws were a threat to their livelihood. The government forced them to do begar on road construction.
Plantation Workers: The plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission; as per the Indian Emigration Act of 1859. When the news of Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the plantations, many workers began to defy the authorities.
2. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
Answer: Salt was a powerful symbol which could connect with all the people of India. Salt was used by everyone. For poor people, abolition of salt tax would have meant a reduction price. This could unify people of all the religions.
3. Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.
Answer: But by participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement, I could be a part of the nation making process. It was a prideful experience for me when.
4. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Answer: Muslim leaders; like Jinnah believed that the future of the Muslims would not be in safe hand under the Hindu majority. They wanted a separate electorate. For dalit leaders; like Ambedkar; the situation was more or less same. Mahatma Gandhi, on the other hand, believed that separate electorates would further alienate those people.
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